Orthopedic Oncology

What is Orthopedic Oncology?

Orthopedic oncology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of tumors and cancers found in the bones, cartilage, muscles and other soft tissues of the body, known as sarcomas. Surgical and medical treatment of cancers such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, liposarcoma, as well as bone cysts and other tumor-like lesions fall within the scope of orthopedic oncology. Orthopedic oncology specialists use methods such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to prevent the spread of cancer and minimize functional losses.

In the human body, bones and soft tissues are the basic structures that provide the durability of the skeletal system, enable movement and protect internal organs. However, benign or malignant tumors may develop in these tissues due to various reasons, and these tissues that become 'cancerous' in bone and soft tissue tumors are called 'sarcomas'.

Among bone tumors, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma stand out, while soft tissue tumors include fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. These tumors can damage the bone and surrounding tissues, causing pain, swelling, and limited movement; In advanced cases, it can metastasize and become life-threatening.

What Does Orthopedic Oncology Look At?

Orthopedic oncology deals with the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of benign and malignant tumors that occur in bones and soft tissues. It deals with cancers such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, liposarcoma, and fibrosarcoma, as well as tumor-like lesions such as bone cysts, giant cell tumors, and metastatic bone tumors. Methods such as surgical interventions, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and reconstructive surgery are used to treat cancer while preserving the functions of the patients.

Diagnosis and Tests Performed in the Orthopedic Oncology Department

The diagnostic process in the orthopedic oncology department begins with the patient's medical history and physical examination. Radiological examinations include x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). Laboratory tests provide information about cancer markers and infection indicators. For a definitive diagnosis, a biopsy is performed and histopathological examination of the tumor is performed.

The tests performed in the orthopedic oncology department include:

• Radiography (X-ray): It is used to detect abnormalities in bone structure.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): This is performed to examine in detail the spread of the tumor within the soft tissue and bone.
• Computed Tomography (CT): It is used to see the bone structure in greater detail and to assess the size of the tumor.
• Bone Scintigraphy: It is performed to determine whether there are metastases in the bones.
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET-CT): It is performed to determine whether the tumor is malignant and to see its spread in the body.
• Biopsy (Needle or Open Biopsy): It is performed to obtain a sample of tumor tissue for pathological examination to make a definitive diagnosis.
• Blood Tests: Used to evaluate general health and markers that may be associated with bone tumors.
• Genetic Testing: It is performed to examine the relationship between certain bone tumors and genetic predisposition.
• Electromyography (EMG): It can be used to evaluate nerve and muscle function and to determine the effects of tumors on the nerve.

Treatment and Methods Applied in the Orthopedic Oncology Department

Treatment in the orthopedic oncology department is determined by the type and stage of the tumor and the patient's general health. Surgical treatment is supplemented by removal of tumor tissue and sometimes reconstructive surgery that allows preservation of the limb.

Chemotherapy is used to shrink the tumor or control its spread, especially in malignant tumors such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma. Radiotherapy is used in some soft tissue sarcomas and inoperable tumors. Biological and targeted therapies may provide more effective results by specifically targeting tumor cells. With a multidisciplinary approach, a treatment plan is created to improve the patient's quality of life while preserving their functions.

Frequently Asked Questions About Orthopedic Oncology

What diseases do orthopedic oncologists treat?

Specialist physicians working in the orthopedic oncology department deal with the diagnosis and treatment of bone and joint problems caused by cancers, such as benign or malignant bone tumors, soft tissue tumors and metastatic bone disease.

What are bone and soft tissue tumors?

Bone and soft tissue tumors are benign or malignant masses that occur in the skeletal and connective tissues. Benign tumors are generally slow-growing, while malignant tumors are aggressive and carry a risk of spreading.

What symptoms do bone and soft tissue tumors cause?

A palpable swelling or mass in the body is the most common symptom. This mass can be painful or painless and can grow over time. In advanced cases, limited movement, bone weakness and risk of fractures may occur.

In which age groups are these tumors seen?

Although it is most common in childhood and young adulthood, it can occur at any age. It can also develop in individuals undergoing cancer treatment.

How are bone and soft tissue tumors diagnosed?

First, a doctor's examination is performed, then imaging methods such as X-ray, MRI, CT and PET scans are used. For a definitive diagnosis, a biopsy must be performed and the tissue examined under a microscope.

Are benign tumors treated?

Benign tumors are usually monitored, but if they grow and put pressure on nerve and vascular structures, surgical intervention may be necessary.

What are the treatment options for malignant tumors?

If a malignant tumor is detected as a result of the biopsy, the treatment plan may include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Treatment is determined by the type and spread of the tumor.