What Is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)? How Is IVF Treatment Performed?

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), also known as IVF, is a medical method developed for couples who are unable to conceive or conceive due to various reasons. It aims to artificially fertilize sperm with eggs outside the body. The fertilized eggs are monitored for a period of time, and the healthiest embryos are selected and implanted into the mother's uterus.

IVF Prices

IVF prices vary depending on the method and medications used. IVF treatment is performed in stages, and each process is personalized. Therefore, exact pricing is determined after the process is planned.

Who Can Benefit from In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Treatment?

In vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment is offered to couples who are unable to conceive naturally and who have not been successful with other reproductive treatments. Common conditions among those who undergo this method include:

• Women aged 35 and over
• Blocked or damaged tubes
• Endometriosis
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Premature ovarian failure
• Low sperm count (oligospermia)
• Azospermia
• Before cancer treatment

Couples Experiencing Infertility

Infertility is a condition where a person wants to have a child but is unable to conceive despite unprotected, regular intercourse for one year. Infertility can develop due to various factors, both male and female. Some of these include:

• Blocked fallopian tubes
• Hormonal imbalances
• Reduced ovarian reserve
• Low sperm motility
• Imbalances in male hormone levels

If couples are unable to conceive despite regular intercourse for a period of time, it is recommended that they seek help from a gynecologist or obstetrician.

Older Mothers-to-be

Older mothers' age refers to those aged 35 and over. A woman's fertility declines with age, and egg quality declines. It becomes more difficult for women aged 35 and over to become pregnant, and the risk of pregnancy may increase.

For older mothers, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most effective methods that increases the chance of pregnancy. During this process, eggs are stimulated with hormone therapy, artificial insemination is achieved, and the most suitable embryo is transferred to the uterus.

Unexplained Infertility

Unexplained infertility is the inability to achieve pregnancy despite regular and unprotected intercourse. The tests performed cannot clearly identify any specific problems or causes of infertility in either the male or female. This refers to situations where the cause of infertility cannot be clearly diagnosed.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most frequently preferred infertility treatment method. The chances of success increase with these procedures.

Men with Problems with Sperm Count and Quality

A man has an average of 15 million or more sperm per milliliter. Semen contains approximately 30 million sperm in total. If a milliliter does not contain sufficient sperm, the chance of conception decreases.

Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, medications, stress, and aging impair sperm quality. Conscious and adequate supplementation, such as vitamin C, zinc, and omega-3, contributes to sperm quality.

Women with Blocked Fallopian Tubes

The fallopian tubes are the structures that allow the egg to reach the uterus. If the tubes are blocked, fertilization of the egg and sperm cannot occur. In such cases, the chance of pregnancy varies depending on the size and location of the blockage.
If the tubes are completely blocked, natural pregnancy may not be possible. After the egg and sperm are fertilized in a laboratory setting through in vitro fertilization, embryo implantation is performed, eliminating the need for tube function.

Couples at Risk for Genetic Diseases (PGD)

Preimplantation PGD is an important option for individuals at risk for genetic diseases. Genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a method that allows the genetic analysis of embryos during IVF. The test allows couples with diseases or at a certain risk to select healthy embryos.

What are the Stages in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Treatment?

IVF treatment is a process consisting of several stages. Each stage is planned to increase the chance of pregnancy. The planned stages of treatment are as follows:

• Initial Examination and Evaluations
• Ovulation Therapy
• OPU
• Sperm Retrieval
• Fertilization
• Embryo Transfer
• Pregnancy Test and Follow-up

Initial Examination and Evaluation

Before starting treatment, the initial examination is crucial for a detailed evaluation of the couple's reproductive health and determining the appropriate method. During the initial evaluation, a medical history is reviewed and necessary tests are performed.
During the initial evaluation, hormone tests and ultrasound are performed for women to examine the ovaries for any abnormalities. For men, sperm analysis is performed to evaluate sperm count, motility, and quality.

Ovarian Stimulation (Ovulation Induction)

Ovulation induction is a hormone therapy used to produce more high-quality eggs. While a woman's body normally produces eggs each month, IVF treatment often results in the development of multiple eggs.

Stimulation begins on the 2nd or 3rd day of the menstrual cycle, and special hormone injections (medications containing FSH and LH) are injected. These medications are used regularly for a period, while ultrasound checks are performed to closely monitor the egg's size and development.

Ova Gathering Procedure (OPU)

OPU is the process of collecting eggs from the ovaries in an artificial environment for fertilization in IVF. This procedure takes place 36 hours after the egg hatching procedure.
Using ultrasound, a thin needle is used to puncture the follicles in the eggs, gently extract them, and then transfer them to the laboratory. The procedure usually takes 20-30 minutes, and the patient is discharged shortly thereafter. The fertilization process is initiated with a sperm sample obtained from the partner the same day.

Sperm Collection and Preparation

Sperm collection is performed on the day of egg retrieval and is an important part of IVF treatment. The man provides the sample in a sterile manner in the sperm collection room. However, when sperm cannot be obtained naturally due to conditions such as diabetes or anxiety disorders, surgical procedures such as TESE can be used to retrieve sperm from the testicular tissue.

The foreign proteins in the collected sperm are removed in a laboratory setting and triggered to trigger certain reactions, making them hyperactive. The highest quality and fastest-moving sperm are selected using specialized methods, and the fertilization process begins.

Fertilization and Embryo Development

Fertilization is achieved by combining the egg and sperm in a laboratory setting. This process can occur spontaneously with conventional IVF, or the sperm can be injected directly into the egg using microinjection (ICSI). Once fertilization is successful, the embryos are developed in an artificial environment for 3 to 5 days. The healthiest embryos are selected and transferred to the uterus. If the embryos are deemed of high quality, they can be frozen for future use.

Embryo Transfer

Embryo transfer is one of the most important stages of in vitro fertilization. Within 3 or 5 days after fertilization, the healthiest embryo, developed in the laboratory, is selected and placed into the uterus using a catheter. It's a painless procedure that takes 15 minutes, and the patient can resume her daily activities after a short rest.

Pregnancy Test and Follow-up

10-12 days after embryo placement, a pregnancy test is performed by measuring the beta hCG hormone in the blood. If the result is positive, a second test may be requested a few days later to determine whether the pregnancy is progressing properly. An ultrasound is performed after 2 weeks.

Methods Used in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Treatment

In IVF treatment, the couple's medical condition is evaluated, the most appropriate method is selected, and treatment is initiated accordingly. Some of these methods can be listed as follows:

• Classical IVF
• Microinjection (ICSI)
• Embryo freezing
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
• Fresh and frozen embryo transfer
• Insemination method

Microinjection (ICSI) Method

In the microinjection method, healthy sperm is injected directly into the egg. It is used in men with low sperm counts or poor motility, where natural fertilization is not possible. The treatment contributes to the success of IVF by increasing the fertilization rate.

Embryo Freezing and Storage Procedure

Embryo freezing allows high-quality and excess embryos to be frozen and stored for later use. It is used to successfully preserve healthy embryos during IVF treatment. Frozen embryos can be thawed if necessary, allowing for treatment or future pregnancy planning.

Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) Method

This is defined as the genetic examination of embryos before they are placed in the uterus during the IVF process. This method helps select healthy embryos in couples with genetic diseases. PGD allows several embryo samples to be taken to test for genetic diseases or chromosomal abnormalities. This aims to ensure that healthy embryos are used during pregnancy.

Blastocyst Transfer

As the embryo develops, its cell count increases. On day 4 or 5, it travels through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus.

A blastocyst is a more advanced embryo and contains more cells. It has a higher probability of implanting in the uterus.

What Factors Affect the Success Rate of IVF?

The likelihood of success with IVF depends on many factors. The treatment method used and the couple's health are among the factors that determine success rates. Some of the factors that affect the likelihood of success include:

• Woman's age
• Sperm quality
• Ovarian reserve
• Uterine and ovarian status
• Embryo quality
• Lifestyle
• Previous success rates
• Psychological support

Women's Age and Egg Quality

Women younger than 35 have higher egg quality and quantity, increasing their chances of success. Women over this age have a diminishing ovarian reserve, and the likelihood of success with IVF treatment may decrease. Therefore, starting IVF treatment at a younger age increases the chance of success in conceiving a child.

Embryo Quality

Embryo quality is an important factor in selecting healthy, high-quality embryos for IVF procedures. High-quality embryos are more likely to develop and implant in the uterus. This increases the chance of pregnancy, while transferring low-quality embryos can increase the risk of failure.

Men's Sperm Quality

Sperm quality and quantity directly affect the fertilization process. High-quality sperm fertilize the egg more easily, increasing the chance of pregnancy. In cases of low sperm count or poor motility, fertilization can also be achieved by injecting sperm directly into the egg using methods such as ICSI.

Uterine Condition and Preparation Process

A healthy uterus is crucial for embryo implantation. The proper shape and healthy tissue of the uterus provide the appropriate environment for embryo implantation. Once adequate thickness and proper blood flow are achieved, intrauterine preparation can be completed and embryo transfer can be performed.

Clinic and Laboratory Quality

The clinic where the treatment will be performed should have an experienced team in its field and advanced technologies. High-quality laboratories increase the success rate by performing procedures such as fertilization and embryo development monitoring in the best possible way. Hygiene conditions in the clinic and patient follow-up are also crucial for the treatment process.

What Should Be Considered During IVF Treatment?

IVF treatment can be a long and tiring process. Paying attention to the necessary elements during treatment is beneficial for a healthy and successful pregnancy. These include:

• Taking prescribed medications regularly
• Quitting harmful habits such as smoking and alcohol
• Establishing a healthy lifestyle
• Avoiding stress

Nutrition and Lifestyle During Treatment

A healthy diet provides the body with the nutrients it needs, helping to balance hormones and increase the chances of implantation. Vitamins and minerals, including folic acid, vitamin D, and antioxidants, also support reproductive health.
Since smoking, alcohol, and a stressful lifestyle affect reproductive health, avoiding bad habits and adopting a healthy lifestyle with adequate sleep and exercise positively impacts reproductive health.

Stress Reduction and Psychological Support

The treatment process can be physically and emotionally challenging. It's essential to maintain mental health during this process. Stress can negatively affect hormone levels and reduce the likelihood of pregnancy.

Seeking psychological support helps ease the emotional burden on couples during treatment. Sessions with a psychologist or counselor help reduce stress and allow them to adapt to the process with a healthier mindset.

Medication Use and Following Doctor's Recommendations

Regular medication use is crucial for the smooth progress of treatment and increased chances of success. Mistakes made on your own, such as changing medication doses or not taking them on time, can reduce the effectiveness of treatment and prevent pregnancy. Therefore, following recommendations and regularly attending checkups and follow-up appointments increases effectiveness.

What Are the Risks of IVF Treatment?

IVF treatment may carry some risks, but these can be minimized with proper monitoring and follow-up. Possible risks are as follows:

• Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
• Multiple pregnancy
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Miscarriage risk
• Infection and bleeding
• Psychological stress

Multiple Pregnancy Risk

The risk of multiple pregnancies can arise from the transfer of more than one embryo. A multiple pregnancy is the development of more than one baby at a time. It can pose health risks for both the mother and the baby.
In multiple pregnancies, the risk of premature birth increases, as does the possibility of high blood pressure and diabetes. A cesarean section may also be required, or the baby may have health problems. Therefore, single embryo transfer methods are preferred to reduce these risks.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

OHSS occurs when the ovaries overreact to the hormone medications used during treatment. Symptoms include excessive fluid retention, bloating, and abdominal pain due to overstimulation of the ovaries. To reduce the risk of OHSS, it's important to avoid exceeding the recommended dosage, drink plenty of fluids, and maintain a balanced diet.

Ectopic Pregnancy Risk

Ectopic pregnancy is a rare condition in IVF treatment. Normally, the embryo implants in the fallopian tubes or another location outside the uterus. In an ectopic pregnancy, the embryo implants in the fallopian tubes or a site outside the uterus. This condition prevents the healthy progression of pregnancy and can pose serious health risks to the expectant mother.
An ectopic pregnancy can be treated with medication or surgery if diagnosed early. Suspicious symptoms should be carefully monitored after IVF treatment.

Misconceptions About In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

There are many misconceptions about IVF treatment. One of the most common misconceptions is that the treatment will always be successful. Success rates vary from person to person.

Claims that babies born through IVF are unhealthy are also false. These babies are no different from babies born naturally. It is important to research the process to obtain accurate information.

Do Children Born Through IVF Have Health Problems?

Children born through IVF are not genetically or health-wise different from children born naturally. Thanks to advanced technologies, the rate of healthy babies born through IVF is high. Conditions such as pregnancy at an advanced age, the risk of genetic diseases, or multiple pregnancies may increase certain health risks.

Can a Confirmed Pregnancy Be Achieved Through IVF?

While IVF treatment is one of the most effective methods that increases the chance of pregnancy, it doesn't guarantee a definitive pregnancy. Pregnancy may not occur on the first try. Following the recommendations throughout the treatment process is one of the factors that most significantly increases the likelihood of success.

Is IVF a Painful Procedure?

IVF procedures are generally not painful, but some stages may cause mild discomfort. Because hormone injections are used during ovarian stimulation, mild swelling and tenderness may occur. Pain thresholds during treatment vary from person to person.

What Should Be Done After Unsuccessful IVF Trials?

It is important for couples to receive emotional support after unsuccessful IVF trials. The treatment process can be psychologically draining, so consulting a psychologist may be necessary. This will allow for a detailed evaluation to determine the reason for the IVF failure.

Genetic tests, hormone levels, and intrauterine conditions should be reviewed. If necessary, a different treatment plan can be developed.

Investigating the Causes of Failure

After unsuccessful IVF trials, the investigation of the causes can begin with the woman's egg quality and reserve and the man's sperm health. Genetic testing is performed to check the embryo's health and evaluate hormone levels. Immune system problems or blood clotting problems can also cause treatment failures.

Evaluating New Treatment Methods

Evaluating new treatment methods can help a couple have a higher chance of success in their next attempt. During this process, potential shortcomings and reasons for failure in the treatment process are first identified. Once these reasons are identified, tests and examinations are conducted to develop plans to increase the success of the next attempt.

The Importance of Receiving Psychological Support

Receiving psychological support allows couples to approach the treatment process in a healthier way, cope with stress, and protect themselves from negative effects. It helps them develop more realistic expectations about the chances of success and outcomes. Psychologists can strengthen communication between couples.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technique in which fertilization occurs in a laboratory setting. In this method, the woman's egg is fertilized with the man's sperm in a laboratory environment, and the resulting embryo is transferred to the uterus.

How Long Does IVF Treatment Take?

IVF treatment usually lasts 4-6 weeks. The first stage begins with hormone therapy and ovarian stimulation, followed by egg collection and embryo placement.

What is the IVF Success Rate?

The success rate of IVF varies depending on factors such as the woman's age and the quality of her eggs and sperm. While the success rate for IVF is around 40-50% for women under 35, this rate may decrease for women over 35.

Is There an Age Limit for IVF Treatment?

The most suitable age for women is considered to be 35 and under. Egg quality and reserve are higher at this age. The success rate for women aged 40 and over decreases, and while some clinics offer treatment until age 45, the chance of success may be reduced.

How is Embryo Transfer Performed?

Embryo transfer involves placing an embryo fertilized in a laboratory environment into the uterus. The procedure is painless and is placed in the uterus using a thin catheter, allowing the patient to lie comfortably on their back. After the transfer, the patient is monitored in the clinic for a short time and can resume their normal life.

What is Microinjection (ICSI)?

Microinjection (ICSI) is the direct injection of sperm cells into the egg during IVF. This method is preferred in men with low sperm count and motility, or when fertilization cannot occur for other reasons.

Why is Embryo Freezing Performed?

Embryo freezing allows embryos used in IVF treatment to be stored for use in later treatment processes. It is preferred when multiple embryos are formed during treatment or when multiple transfers are desired to avoid compromising the woman's health.

What is Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) in IVF Treatment?

Genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a test performed to evaluate the genetic health of embryos during IVF treatment. In this procedure, a cell sample is taken during embryo development to examine for genetic diseases.

How Many Times Can IVF Treatment Be Tried?

IVF treatment can be attempted several times, depending on success rates and the couple's situation. Successful results can be achieved in as few as three to four attempts.

How to Make an Appointment for IVF Treatment?

You can request an appointment through the clinic's online system or by contacting them directly by phone. During the appointment process, you can obtain detailed information about the documents and tests required for the initial examination.